What was Italian Neo-Realism primarily reacting against?

Italian Neo-Realism primarily emerged as a reaction against the "white telephone" films, which were characterized by their lavish production values and focus on the lives of the upper class. These films often depicted a romanticized and unrealistic portrayal of life, detached from the socio-political realities of post-World War II Italy.

Neo-Realist filmmakers sought to highlight the struggles and hardships faced by ordinary people, especially in a country that was experiencing significant social and economic upheaval. By choosing to work with non-professional actors, shooting on location, and using natural lighting, these filmmakers aimed to create a sense of authenticity and represent the everyday experiences of the working class. This movement was not only a style of filmmaking but also a broader cultural response to the social issues following the war, significantly contrasting with the escapist nature of the "white telephone" films.

Thus, the focus on realism and social commentary in Italian Neo-Realism serves as a critical response to the dominant, elitist cinematic narratives prevalent in the mainstream film industry of the time.